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136 variations of Brazilian skin colors

By WTOP Staff

RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) — In a story about racism issues in Brazil published on June 22, The Associated Press failed to give attribution to the source for the English translation of the Portuguese terms used. These English translations were published by the website Africa Is A Country, which says the translations were by Lilia Moritz Schwarcz of the University of Sao Paulo and edited by Achal Prabhala. A corrected version of the story is below:

136 variations of Brazilian skin colors

When asked to describe their skin color, Brazilians came up with 136 variations

RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) – When Brazilians were given a chance to describe their skin color, they came up with 136 shades and variations. The survey was done in 1976 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and was published again in a 2011 Congressional document titled: The Constitutional Commission on Justice and Citizenship.

The list illustrates how Brazilians see themselves, a far more complex color system than simply black or white. These English translations were published by the website Africa Is A Country, which says the translations were by Lilia Moritz Schwarcz of the University of Sao Paulo and edited by Achal Prabhala.

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Acastanhada: Somewhat chestnut-colored

Agalegada: Somewhat like a Galician

Alva: Snowy white

Alva escura: Dark snowy white

Alvarenta (not in dictionary; poss. dialect): Snowy white

Alvarinta: Snowy white

Alva rosada: Pinkish white

Alvinha: Snowy white

Amarela: Yellow

Amarelada: Yellowish

Amarela-queimada: Burnt yellow

Amarelosa: Yellowy

Amorenada: Somewhat dark-skinned

Avermelhada: Reddish

Azul: Blue

Azul-marinho: Sea blue

Baiano: From Bahia

Bem branca: Very white

Bem clara: Very pale

Bem morena: Very dark-skinned

Branca: White

Branca-avermelhada: White going on for red

Branca-melada: Honey-colored white

Branca-morena: White but dark-skinned

Branca-palida: Pale white

Branca-queimada: Burnt white

Branca-sardenta: Freckled white

Branca-suja: Off-white

Branquica: Whitish

Branquinha: Very white

Bronze: Bronze-colored

Bronzeada: Sun-tanned

Bugrezinha-escura: Dark-skinned India

Burro-quando-foge: Disappearing donkey (i.e. nondescript) humorous

Cabocla: Copper-colored (refers to Indians)

Cabo-verde: From Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)

Cafe: Coffee-colored

Cafe-com-leite: Cafe au lait

Canela: Cinnamon

Canelada: Somewhat like cinnamon

Cardao: Colour of the cardoon, or thistle (blue-violet)

Castanha: Chestnut

Castanha-clara: Light chestnut

Castanha-escura: Dark chestnut

Chocolate: Chocolate-colored

Clara: Light-colored, pale

Clarinha: Light-colored, pale

Cobre: Copper-colored

Corada: With a high color

Cor-de-cafe: Coffee-colored

Cor-de-canela: Cinnamon-colored

Cor-de-cuia: Gourd-colored

Cor-de-leite: Milk-colored (i.e. milk-white)

Cor-de-ouro: Gold-colored (i.e. golden)

Cor-de-rosa: Pink

Cor-firme: Steady-colored

Crioula: Creole

Encerada: Polished

Enxofrada: Pallid

Esbranquecimento: Whitening

Escura: Dark

Escurinha: Very dark

Fogoio: Having fiery-colored hair

Galega: Galician or Portuguese

Galegada: Somewhat like a Galician or Portuguese

Jambo: Light-skinned (the color of a type of apple)

Laranja: Orange

Lilas: Lilac

Loira: Blonde

Loira-clara: Light blonde

Loura: Blonde

Lourinha: Petite blonde

Malaia: Malaysian woman

Marinheira: Sailor-woman

Marrom: Brown

Meio-amarela: Half-yellow

Meio-branca: Half-white

Meio-morena: Half dark-skinned

Meio-preta: Half-black

Melada: Honey-colored

Mestica: Half-caste/mestiza

Miscigenacao: Miscegenation

Mista: Mixed

Morena: Dark-skinned, brunette

Morena-bem-chegada: Very nearly morena

Morena-bronzeada: Sunburnt morena

Morena-canelada: Somewhat cinnamon-colored morena

Morena-castanha: Chestnut-colored morena

Morena-clara: Light-skinned morena

Morena-cor-de-canela: Cinnamon-colored morena

Morena-jambo: Light-skinned morena

Morenada: Somewhat morena

Morena-escura: Dark morena

Morena-fechada: Dark morena

Morenao: Dark-complexioned man

Morena-parda: Dark morena

Morena-roxa: Purplish morena

Morena-ruiva: Red-headed morena

Morena-trigueira: Swarthy, dusky morena

Moreninha: Petite morena

Mulata: Mulatto girl

Mulatinha: Little mulatto girl

Negra: Negress

Negrota: Young negress

Palida: Pale

Paraíba: From Paraíba

Parda: Brown

Parda-clara: Light brown

Parda-morena: Brown morena

Parda-preta: Black-brown

Polaca: Polish woman

Pouco-clara: Not very light

Pouco-morena: Not very dark-complexioned

Pretinha: Black – either young, or small

Puxa-para-branco: Somewhat toward white

Quase-negra: Almost negro

Queimada: Sunburnt

Queimada-de-praia: Beach sunburnt

Queimada-de-sol: Sunburnt

Regular: Regular, normal

Retinta: Deep-dyed, very dark

Rosa: Rose-coloured (or the rose itself)

Rosada: Rosy

Rosa-queimada: Sunburnt-rosy

Roxa: Purple

Ruiva: Redhead

Russo: Russian

Sapecada: Singed

Sarará: Yellow-haired negro

Sarauba (poss. dialect): Untranslatable

Tostada: Toasted

Trigo: Wheat

Trigueira: Brunette

Turva: Murky

Verde: Green

Vermelha: Red

Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Don’t Settle for Student Loans to Pay for Online Education

By WTOP Staff
Online college programs are becoming a more popular choice for prospective students, with one study finding that more than 6 million students enrolled in at least one online course in fall 2015. The popularity of these courses can be attributed in part to their flexibility with working adults' schedules, students' ability to progress more quickly through online programs and, oftentimes, cheaper tuition. [See 10 low-cost online bachelor's programs for out-of-state students.]Online degrees can be beneficial to many college students, but some studies have shown online learners complete their programs at lower rates than students at traditional brick-and-mortar campuses. Individuals with student loans but no degree comprise two-thirds of defaulted borrowers. Though these numbers are not encouraging, just like for traditional programs, there are ways to reduce how much you'll need to borrow for an online program to ensure you won't become one of these statistics. Don't just settle on borrowing student loans to cover the whole cost of your program and living expenses. Instead, start thinking about how to cut costs and cover your balance in different ways, such as the following. -- Grants and scholarships: Even though you are taking an online course, you can still apply and receive grants and scholarships. But your first step should be to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly referred to as the FAFSA, which will allow you to receive a Pell Grant if your expected family contribution is low enough. The EFC criteria and award amounts are adjusted annually, but the 2017-2018 academic year awards range from $606 to $5,920, which could significantly lower the amount you borrow annually. Your next step is to apply for scholarships. You can start by checking online scholarship search engines, such as the Salt Scholarship Search, College Board's BigFuture and Peterson's. But don't forget to take advantage of local organizations and your school's financial aid office. Both may offer scholarships that you can't find with a national scholarship search. [Review these 10 sites to kick off your scholarship search.]For instance, organizations like the Elks Club, Knights of Columbus or the Rotary Club typically offer scholarships annually to local students. Just because you're going to school online doesn't mean you're ineligible. Visit your local library for scholarship listings, and ask around town. You might be surprised how many local organizations offer scholarships. While these scholarships typically aren't large, every little bit counts. Each dollar you receive in a scholarship is a dollar you don't have to borrow and pay interest on. -- Work-study: Another option for online students may be work-study awards. Not all students enrolled in online programs are eligible, but students at some schools -- including, for example, SUNY Empire State College and Liberty University -- are. Work-study awards are not given upfront like scholarships and grants. In most cases, they are an offer to earn up to the awarded amount if you secure an eligible work-study job. While there is a misconception that all work-study jobs must be on campus, students can work for off-campus, nonprofit or public employers as long as the work is in the public's interest. You may be able to work for a for-profit employer if the job is relevant to your course of study. No matter who the outside employer is, it will need to have an established agreement with your college for you to receive work-study funds. Remember, to be eligible for federal financial aid, you must be enrolled and pursuing a degree or certificate. If you're not working toward a credential, Pell Grants and work-study won't be option, but you may still be able to take advantage of private scholarships -- just be sure to read the eligibility criteria carefully. [Explore what to know about financial aid in online programs.]-- Pay as you go: One of the great benefits to enrolling online is the flexible schedule, which can allow you to complete your college coursework around your responsibilities. But prospective students often overlook using their part- or full-time job earnings as an option for paying for college. Almost 80 percent of college students in 2015 worked at least part time while attending classes, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. By budgeting and thinking strategically about your college costs, you can likely reduce your dependence on student loans by paying a portion out of pocket. Many -- but not all -- online programs are less expensive than traditional programs and often have shorter payment periods. Six, eight or 10 weeks are common course durations. Because of the frequency of payments in an online setting, you may be well-placed to pay as you go and possibly avoid borrowing altogether. Attending college online and avoiding student loans may be challenging, but if you are willing to put in the effort, you can limit the amount you need to borrow. More from U.S. News Q&A: Understanding Student Loan Discharge Eligibility Student Loan Refinancing Isn't Right for All Borrowers
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